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Brooklyn Past & Present

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Research, Writing, and Art: P.S. 312′s Fourth Graders Curate a History of Bergen Beach

Along with Educator Emily Gallagher, BHS Educator Alex Tronolone is working closely with a team of “young curators” at P.S. 312 to uncover the history of their Bergen Beach neighborhood this spring.  The work the students create will ultimately go into three professionally-designed museum panels to be displayed at the school.  BHS’s after-school program “Young Curators” is made possible by a Cultural After-School Adventures (CASA) grant from City Council Member Lewis Fidler.  I’m happy to introduce today’s guest blogger, Alex, and his insights on getting students engaged with history.

CASA Educator Alex Tronolone

Since the beginning of January I’ve been working with 16 incredible fourth graders in Bergen Beach to study their neighborhood and school. When we began the project I don’t think the students were quite clear about what we would be doing. They knew there was something with history, and that it was a “special” after-school program, but they couldn’t picture the end result – a museum exhibit in our school? However, the students’ visit to Brooklyn Historical Society helped bring their project to life since they got to see the actual archival materials firsthand.

On our first class meeting following the trip, we gathered in a circle on their library’s carpet to discuss our findings. We then split into groups of researchers, writers, and artists to begin making progress on the production of our panels. Beginning with this class session, the students took complete ownership of both their roles and their collective project. For example, the researchers transcribed a 17th century bill of sale for the land around Bergen Beach! The researchers also highlighted important information in historic newspaper articles we had looked at as a class and sent them over to the writers to craft the text for our exhibit panels. The writers recorded facts and ideas they had learned about and noted questions where more research had to be done and sent them over to the researchers to find answers. The artists went through our historic photos of Bergen Beach and looked through our research for descriptions to help them imagine the past. They also came up with two art project proposals that they presented to the entire class to debate and vote on.

Students from P.S. 312 examine documents on display at BHS.

The class now has its own momentum that comes from the genuine enthusiasm these young curators have for this project. My students are so engaged they’ve been spending their lunch periods going to the library to do additional research for the project and every week some students ask to take home work to do.

As a former classroom teacher, I am especially enjoying working with public school students in this student-driven learning environment.  When I taught special education in a NYC public middle school, my job as a teacher was really impacted by the external pressures of large class size and test prep.  We spent entire months preparing for test after test, data notebooks, and, if you were really unlucky, a ‘quality review’. Invariably these tests consisted primarily of multiple choice questions – the lowest common denominator of knowledge and assessment. Needless to say, discipline had to be iron. My students would refer to themselves as numbers; corresponding to their state test scores. I dare you not to feel ill when you hear an eleven-year old with special education services describe their academic achievement as, “I’m a one”, or, “I’m a two.”

In contrast, my work with the young curators gets to be participatory, grounded in real historical research, and driven by the students themselves. It’s exciting to think that my CASA students are legitimately enthusiastic about our project. The skills they learn working collaboratively to produce their exhibit will be skills they can use for the rest of their lives. They’re learning to run their groups democratically (you should see them organize themselves!) and to make decisions about what work needs to be done and who will do it. They will have ownership over the knowledge they gain through historical research that can’t be replicated by studying a textbook or preparing for a test. The excitement about historical and archival research…well, maybe that will wane, but for now, their energy and passion has a momentum that makes it easy and a joy to teach.

The P.S. 312 “Young Curators” team.

“Young Curators” at P.S. 276 Dig Into Canarsie’s History

This spring, students from P.S. 276 are working with Educator Emily Gallagher to uncover the history of their neighborhood, Canarsie, through BHS’s after-school program “Young Curators.” This program is made possible by a Cultural After-School Adventures (CASA) grant from City Council Member Lewis Fidler.  I’m very pleased to introduce our guest blogger, Emily, and her experience working with her great team of “young curators.” 

BHS Educator and today's guest blogger, Emily Gallagher

As a Brooklyn Historical Society educator, I’m honored to work with third and fifth graders at P.S. 276 in Canarsie as part of the “Young Curators” after-school program. Each week, we delve into a new aspect of Canarsie’s history and, eventually, we’ll tell the story of Canarsie’s past in our own voice as part of a museum quality installation at P.S. 276.  As a museum educator, I’ve often felt exhilarated after exposing young people to the multiple perspectives of history but, through ”Young Curators,” I’m getting an extra thrill — the thrill of watching very smart, capable children become even more emboldened and impassioned about where they live, who they are, and how they fit into the narrative of our community.

I applied for this position because I was especially inspired by on the program’s focus on local history.  So few of us, as children or adults, have a real connection to the amazing events and experiences that happened in our own buildings and on our own blocks.  I really feel that a more tangible connection to that specific past helps build a better neighbor and a better citizen.  Caring about our neighborhoods’ histories and how they fit into Brooklyn and even broader communities beyond Brooklyn is a direct pipeline to caring about our neighborhoods in the present and in the future.

P.S. 276 "Young Curators" check out a historic atlas of their neighborhood.

During our first “Young Curators” class, I asked the students what came to mind when they thought about their neighborhood of Canarsie in the past.  We quickly realized that even though they spend every day immersed in their community, they were much more familiar with New York City and United States history as a whole.  We had a difficult time pin-pointing the important spots in their neighborhood, or important people in their neighborhood’s past.  Using resources from  Brooklyn Historical Society’s library, we were able to dig in directly.  The students have already examined maps, photographs, and documents in order to uncover their neighborhood’s past.

Flash forward a month into our investigation, and my students are asking very pointed questions.  Instead of referring to “the Native Americans,” they speak with authority about the Canarsee Indians for whom the neighborhood is named. Instead of guessing that the Dutch lived here, they can tell you exactly what the Wyckoff family would be eating in Nieuw Amersfoort, and one student even tears up when thinking about what happened to the oyster beds that used to pepper Jamaica Bay along the waterfront of Canarsie.

The "Young Curators" team during their visit to BHS.

Walking down Flatlands Avenue no longer means dodging cars and looking for the bus stop, but it instead means imagining a different time and a different kind of Brooklyn– and hopefully helps these children, who no doubt have an important role to play in Brooklyn’s future, feel more excited about the role they’ll make for themselves in it.

Brooklyn History Photo of the Week: Children Playing in the “Old Swimming Hole”

The Old Swimming Hole, Fort Greene, c. 1900-1925, v1973.6.311; Photography Collection; Brooklyn Historical Society.

The Old Swimming Hole, Fort Greene, c. 1900-1925, v1973.6.311; Photography Collection; Brooklyn Historical Society.

1915, Fort Greene Clinton Hill. Children are seen playing with an old Brooklyn fire hydrant, which was jokingly referred to as the “Old Swimming Hole.” The hydrant was located at the intersection of Myrtle Avenue and Ryerson Street in what is now Fort Greene Clinton Hill. Many children used hydrants to socialize and have fun, while others used them as a way to bathe themselves if they did not have running water in their homes. The first Brooklyn fire hydrants were installed on street corners in 1808 and were given the nickname “Johnny Pumps.” The originals were made of wood, but were quickly replaced with iron flip-lid style hydrants in 1817.

Each Thursday BHS emails a photograph of the week exclusively to our eNews subscribers. These images are culled from our collection of more than 50,000 photographs of Brooklyn and the New York City area. The photographs are also tweeted by BHS and displayed on our blog in a running series. Interested in seeing more photos from BHS’s collection? Visit our online image gallery. Use this database to search for individual photographs. Currently a small number of our images are available online, but we regularly add new photographs. You can also visit BHS’s Othmer Library Wed-Fri, 1-5 p.m. to search through our entire collection of images.

Brooklyn History Photo of the Week: Richetta Randolph Wallace

Richetta Randolph Wallace

From Brooklyn Historical Society Collection, Richetta Randolph Wallace Papers, ArMs 1978.137.

Richetta Randolph Wallace, circa 1930. Ms. Randolph is an inspiring figure in Brooklyn and national history. Known by her maiden name after her husband’s early death, Ms. Randolph was private secretary to the social activist Mary White Ovington in the first decade of the twentieth century, leading to a position as the first member of the administrative staff for the new National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Ms. Randolph later became the NAACP’s office manager and was private secretary to NAACP officers James Weldon Johnson and Walter White, among other important positions until her retirement in 1946. After retiring, she continued to take leadership roles as a congregant and officer at the Mt. Olivet Baptist Church in Manhattan. Born in Virginia in 1884, Ms. Randolph spent her early years in New Jersey and Manhattan before moving to Brooklyn in 1933, living at 251 Decatur St. in Bedford-Stuyvesant until her death in 1971.

Want to know more about Ms. Randolph and other important figures in African American History? BHS recently released its Guide to African-American History Archival Material at Othmer Library on Emma, the library’s catablog. Subject guides help researchers navigate BHS’ extensive holdings when looking for material on particular topics (in this case African-American history). To read more about the Richetta Randolph Wallace papers click here.

Each Thursday BHS emails a photograph of the week exclusively to our eNews subscribers. These images are culled from our collection of more than 50,000 photographs of Brooklyn and the New York City area. The photographs are also tweeted by BHS and displayed on our blog in a running series.

Repeal Day is this Sunday!

For those of you who are unaware, let me tell you that Sunday is an important date in United States history.  Sunday is Repeal Day.  77 years ago on December 7, 1933 the 21st Amendment reversed the 18th Amendment enforced by the Volstead Act and referred to as the Noble Experiment, the Great Illusion, and possibly some other names I should not list here.  The 21st Amendment ended 13 years of illegal activity related to the sale, distribution, and public consumption of alcohol.  If the culture of New York City was anything like it is today, how could our pickled residents of yore have contributed to the passing of the Volstead Act?

Well, the first murmurings of banning alcohol started nearly 100 years before Prohibitionwas actually passed.  The Temperance Movement formed groups that abstained from consuming alcohol for various reasons and educated their communities with their doctrine.  Here in Brooklyn, the evidence of a Brooklyn Temperance Society in our archive exists in the form of the Address of the Board of Managers of the Brooklyn Temperance Society, to the Inhabitants of Brooklyn together with the Constitution and List of Officers published in 1829!

Address of the Board of managers of the Brooklyn Temperance Society, to the Inhabitants of Brooklyn together with the Constitution and List of Officers

Address of the Board of managers of the Brooklyn Temperance Society, to the Inhabitants of Brooklyn together with the Constitution and List of Officers. Health Services Organizations of Brooklyn collection, 1985.103. Brooklyn Historical Society.

Its purpose was to define “the real evil of intemperance” as “destroyer upon all that is useful – all that is noble – all that is virtuous in man . . . with what an insidious progress it creeps, as a deadly serpent, upon the unsuspecting victim, and then, when it has folded its giant embrace around his every limb, and tied up his every muscle in its hideous coil, crushes the whole constitution of the helpless being to a loathsome agonizing wreck.” Of course, the address doesn’t stop there, but goes on to state that intemperance is more prevalent in the United States than in England where the population is obviously much larger; leads to crime, pauperism, and death; and certainly imposes a burden on the rest of the temperate citizens to care for these blundering, lost souls. While no man seeks to become such a lost soul, addicted innocently to the ardently destructive spirits, the way to reform must then be “entire abstinence from ardent spirits, except when necessary as a medicine. For any other purpose, it is well certified that they can never be useful.  They are useful neither for the labourer in the field, the mechanic in his workshop, the student in his office, nor the sailor amid the tempest. On all, we are assured by physicians, they operate as poison.

In addition, 19th century society was full of philanthropic-minded people who cared about its fellow citizens whether they be rich or poor.  However, they did want to make sure they had access to a proper moral influence.  Rather than allow the drunkards to fill the streets and poorly influence the pious, homes were created to cure these folks.  In 1866, The Inebriates’ Home in the Fort Hamilton neighborhood of Brooklyn (then Long Island) was incorporated “for the care and treatment of inebriates. . . for the seclusion, when deemed necessary, of new inmates from the convalescent patients, until they are sobered down and the sickness consequent on their late debauch has passed away” in “sound-proof rooms, specially adapted for the care and treatment of delirium tremens cases.”

Living Witness; or Voices from the Inebrates' Home (Health Services Organization of Brooklyn collection, 1985.103)

Living Witness; or Voices from the Inebrates' Home. Health Services Organization of Brooklyn collection, 1985.103. Brooklyn Historical Society.

Finally, within our Brooklyn Prohibition collection (1977.127), there are administrative records of the New York State Prohibition Party; periodicals and informational booklets; campaign materials, events materials, photographs of events, maps of the National Prohibition Park in Staten Island, and portraits of prominent figures of the New York Prohibitionist movement  documenting the energetic activity of several groups here in Brooklyn: Prohibition Party of Kings County, The Young People’s Prohibition League, and the Women’s Christian Temperance League, to name a few.  They held meetings, debates, distributed propaganda, and manufactured pins — all for the moral benefit of an abstinent life.

Kings County Annual Banquet invitation and menu (Brooklyn Prohibition collection, 1977.127)

Kings County Annual Banquet invitation and menu. Brooklyn Prohibition collection, 1977.127. Brooklyn Historical Society.

Brooklyn Prohibition collection 1977.127

Brooklyn Prohibition collection, 1977.127. Brooklyn Historical Society

Brooklyn Prohibition collection 1977.127

Brooklyn Prohibition collection, 1977.127. Brooklyn Historical Society

Brooklyn Prohibition Collect, 1977.127. Brooklyn Historical Society

My only guess as to why there is doodling on this important pamphlet is boredom and frustration resulting from Prohibition. Brooklyn Prohibition Collection, 1977.127. Brooklyn Historical Society

Brooklyn Prohibition collection, 1977.127. Brooklyn Historical Society

Brooklyn Prohibition collection, 1977.127. Brooklyn Historical Society

THUS, the 18th Amendment, also known as the Volstead Act, the Great Illusion, the Noble Experiment, and so on was passed on January 16, 1919 and went into effect one year later.  What followed was a brief period of seeming drought until bootleggers got their bearings in this new world.  Increasingly, liquor was smuggled in by boat, whiskey distilled in backyards and basements, politicians and policemen bribed, and speakeasies were born for the distribution and consumption of alcohol once again.  This period also gave birth to organized crime.  This period is well known as a brilliant time of debauchery and fantastic wealth.

With the Depression in full swing, though, more and more thought to question the validity of this experiment.  If the country could receive taxes on the sale of alcohol, wouldn’t that pull some folks out of poverty?  Were the ways of bootleggers and organized crime organizations infesting the nation with more evil than before Prohibition?  A number of factors played into the decision, made by Franklin Delano Roosevelt when he was elected President to finally rid the nation of Prohibition.

Brooklyn Prohibition collection, 1977.127. Brooklyn Historical Society

Brooklyn Prohibition collection, 1977.127. Brooklyn Historical Society

Brooklyn Prohibition collection, 1977.127. Brooklyn Historical Society

Brooklyn Prohibition collection, 1977.127. Brooklyn Historical Society

Many say the United States has never recovered from the effects of Prohibition. Please imbibe on Sunday to further reverse the effects of the 18th Amendment.